Cairo

🏺 Pyramids & Ancient Wonders

Cairo's greatest treasures lie just outside the city - the pyramids that have stood for over 4,500 years.

• Pyramids of Giza & Sphinx: The last surviving Wonder of the Ancient World and the only one still standing. Climb the Great Pyramid of Khufu, explore the Pyramid of Khafre, and marvel at the enigmatic Sphinx. The complex includes three pyramids, temples, and the Solar Boat Museum. Best visited at sunrise or sunset when the light is magical.
• Egyptian Museum (Museum of Egyptian Antiquities): Home to the world's greatest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts, including Tutankhamun's treasures. The museum houses over 120,000 items spanning 5,000 years. Don't miss the Tutankhamun galleries, the Royal Mummy Room, and the jewelry collections.
• Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM): The world's largest archaeological museum, set to open in phases. Located near the pyramids, it will house millions of artifacts and feature state-of-the-art exhibits. The exterior design echoes ancient Egyptian architecture.
• Step Pyramid of Djoser (Saqqara): The world's oldest stone building and the first pyramid ever constructed. Located in the Saqqara necropolis, this 4,700-year-old structure represents a crucial step in architectural evolution.
• Memphis & Mit Rahina: The ancient capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Visit the colossal statue of Ramses II and the Alabaster Sphinx. The site offers insight into ancient Egyptian urban planning and daily life.

🕌 Islamic Cairo & Historic Districts

Cairo's medieval Islamic heritage is beautifully preserved in its historic quarters and monumental architecture.

• Citadel of Saladin (Qal'at Salah al-Din): A medieval Islamic fortress dominating Cairo's skyline. Built by Saladin in the 12th century, it houses the stunning Muhammad Ali Mosque (often called the 'Alabaster Mosque') with its Ottoman architecture and beautiful gardens.
• Khan el-Khalili Bazaar: Cairo's most famous souk and one of the world's great markets. This labyrinth of narrow alleys has been a trading center since the 14th century. Browse spices, perfumes, textiles, and traditional crafts while sipping mint tea.
• Sultan Hassan Mosque: One of the largest and most beautiful mosques in the Islamic world. Built in the 14th century, its massive scale and intricate design showcase Mamluk architecture at its peak. The mosque also serves as a madrassa (religious school).
• Al-Azhar Mosque & University: One of the oldest universities in the world, founded in 975 CE. The mosque's courtyard and minaret offer stunning views. The adjacent Al-Azhar University remains Egypt's premier institution for Islamic learning.
• Bayn al-Qasrayn (Between the Two Palaces): A historic area featuring Mamluk architecture and beautiful facades. The area includes the Qalawun Complex with its mosque, mausoleum, and hospital - a perfect example of Islamic charitable architecture.

✝️ Coptic Cairo & Religious Diversity

Cairo's religious heritage spans Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, creating a unique multicultural tapestry.

• Hanging Church (Al-Muallaqa): One of Egypt's oldest churches, dating from the 3rd century. Built atop the Roman fortress of Babylon, the church features beautiful Coptic architecture with intricate wood carvings and icons.
• Ben Ezra Synagogue: Located in Coptic Cairo, this synagogue is traditionally believed to be built on the site where baby Moses was found. The building combines Roman, Coptic, and Islamic architectural elements.
• Coptic Museum: The world's oldest museum dedicated to Coptic Christian art and history. The collection includes textiles, manuscripts, and artifacts spanning 1,500 years of Egyptian Christianity.
• Amr ibn al-As Mosque: Egypt's oldest mosque, built in 642 CE shortly after the Arab conquest. The mosque's simple architecture reflects early Islamic design and serves as an important religious center.
• Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus: Believed to be built on the site where the Holy Family rested during their flight to Egypt. The church represents the deep roots of Christianity in Egypt.

🌆 Modern Cairo & Urban Life

Beyond the ancient monuments, Cairo offers vibrant modern districts and contemporary attractions.

• Tahrir Square (Midan al-Tahrir): The heart of modern Cairo and the site of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The square features modern architecture, fountains, and serves as a gathering place for cultural events and protests.
• Downtown Cairo (Wust al-Balad): A district of French colonial architecture from the 19th century. Stroll along Qasr el-Nil Street, visit the American University in Cairo, and enjoy the area's cafes and cultural venues.
• Zamalek District: An upscale island district in the Nile with modern architecture, art galleries, and trendy restaurants. The area offers a more relaxed, contemporary atmosphere compared to historic Cairo.
• Nile River Cruises & Corniche: Take a felucca ride on the Nile or walk along the Corniche promenade. The riverfront offers beautiful views of the city and is especially magical at sunset. Many restaurants offer Nile-view dining.
• City of the Dead (Qarafa): An ancient Islamic necropolis that has evolved into a living neighborhood. The area features beautiful mausoleums, mosques, and offers insight into traditional Egyptian urban life.

🍲 Egyptian Cuisine & Local Flavors

Cairo's food scene reflects Egypt's rich culinary traditions and the influence of its agricultural heritage.

• Koshary (كشرى): Egypt's national dish - a hearty mix of rice, lentils, chickpeas, and pasta topped with a spicy tomato sauce and fried onions. Cheap, filling, and available everywhere from street stalls to restaurants.
• Falafel & Taameya (فلافل): Deep-fried chickpea patties served in pita bread with tahini sauce, tomatoes, and pickles. Cairo's falafel is considered among the best in the Middle East. Try it at local stands or hole-in-the-wall eateries.
• Ful Medames (فول مدمس): A breakfast staple of slow-cooked fava beans seasoned with cumin, olive oil, and lemon. Often served with bread, cheese, and eggs. This ancient dish dates back to pharaonic times.
• Kofta & Kebabs: Grilled skewers of spiced ground meat (usually beef or lamb) served with rice, salad, and tahini. Cairo's kebab houses offer some of the best versions in the region.
• Molokhia (ملوخية): A traditional Egyptian soup made from jute leaves, served with rabbit or chicken. This dish has been enjoyed in Egypt for thousands of years and is considered a comfort food.
• Street Food & Markets: Cairo's street food scene is legendary. Try street sandwiches, fresh juices, and traditional sweets. The markets around Khan el-Khalili offer excellent people-watching along with great food.
• Fine Dining & Modern Cuisine: Cairo has developed a sophisticated restaurant scene with international cuisine, farm-to-table concepts, and modern Egyptian interpretations. Areas like Zamalek offer trendy dining options.

🎨 Arts, Culture & Contemporary Life

Cairo's cultural scene blends ancient traditions with modern creativity and intellectual pursuits.

• Cairo Opera House: A cultural center hosting classical music, ballet, and traditional performances. The opera house represents Egypt's commitment to high culture and international artistic exchange.
• Contemporary Art Scene: Cairo has a thriving contemporary art scene with galleries in Zamalek and Downtown. The Cairo Biennale and various art festivals showcase both local and international artists.
• Bookstores & Intellectual Life: Cairo's bookstores, particularly Diwan and Madbouli, reflect the city's intellectual tradition. The city has been a center of learning and literature for centuries.
• Music & Performance: From traditional Arabic music to modern fusion, Cairo's music scene is diverse. Check out performances at cultural centers or attend concerts featuring both classical and contemporary artists.
• Sports Culture: Football (soccer) is hugely popular. Catch a match at Cairo International Stadium or visit local clubs. The city's sports culture reflects its passionate and communal spirit.

🚇 Practical Cairo Guide

• Best Time to Visit: Winter (December-February) for mild weather and fewer crowds, or spring (March-May) before summer heat. Summers are extremely hot (over 100°F/38°C), falls are pleasant. Avoid major Islamic holidays when sites may be crowded.
• Getting Around: Cairo's metro is efficient and cheap for major routes. Use Uber/Careem for rides, or black-and-white taxis. Traffic can be chaotic, so allow extra time. Walking is feasible in central areas but challenging due to heat and crowds.
• Cultural Etiquette: Dress modestly, especially at religious sites. Remove shoes in mosques. Bargain politely in markets. Use your right hand for eating/drinking. Respect prayer times - mosques close during prayers.
• Safety & Respect: Cairo is generally safe for tourists in tourist areas, but be aware of pickpockets in crowded places. Respect local customs and avoid political discussions. Women should dress conservatively and be aware of cultural norms.
• Currency & Costs: Egyptian Pound (EGP). Cairo is very affordable. Budget $30-60 per day including accommodation. Pyramids and museum tickets are inexpensive, street food is extremely cheap.
• Cultural Notes: Cairo is a city of contrasts - ancient and modern, religious and secular. Egyptians are known for their hospitality and warmth. Learning basic Arabic phrases is appreciated. The city never sleeps and has a vibrant nightlife.
• Language: Arabic is primary, with English widely spoken in tourist areas. French is also common due to historical ties. Street signs are often in Arabic with English translations.
• Time Zone: Eastern European Time (EET), UTC+2. No daylight savings.